卵形鲳鳗主要病害及其研究进展

综述了卵形鲳鲹养殖中常见的病原性疾病8种,其中病毒病1种,细菌病4种,寄生虫病3种;并对这8种疾病的病原体、发病症状、防治手段以及近年来的研究进展分别进行了详尽的论述;进而归纳了卵形鲳鲹常见疾病的综合防治措施,提出了未来卵形鲳鲹病害研究的主要方向。     

西藏野生食用菌白鸡腿蘑的人工栽培研究

对野生食用菌白鸡订进行了生长温度试验、培养基酸碱度试验、培养料贸成分试验、栽培方法比较试验和栽培中试。根据各项数据和当地资源情况,确定了要用以青稞秸秆和牛粪为主要原料的培养基,调节ｐＨ值为６．５￣７．５,每年５￣１１月间在西藏的拉萨地区用熟料分两个阶段栽培白鸡腿蘑的方法,并筛选了高产优质的菌株。该野生品种人工栽培成功,可在生产上推广应用。     

腌制方式对卵形鲳鲹理化指标及其挥发性风味成分的影响

为了探究干腌、湿腌、超声波辅助腌制对卵形鲳鲹的理化特性及挥发性风味成分的影响,实验对腌制加工后鱼肉的基本营养成分、盐含量、pH、硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)值、脂肪酸组成及挥发性风味成分等指标进行测定分析。结果显示,在腌制加工后,卵形鲳鲹粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量升高、而水分含量下降,其中干腌、湿腌、超声波辅助腌制鱼肉中水分含量分别为53.71%±0.97%、61.45%±0.72%和59.29%±1.41%。与卵形鲳鲹原料相比,干腌、超声波辅助腌制、湿腌鱼肉中盐含量增加,依次为(3.29±0.15)、(2.64±0.02)和(2.15±0.11) g/100 g,而在腌制加工后鱼肉的pH值下降。在腌制加工后,卵形鲳鲹的脂质发生氧化反应,TBA值增加,干腌、湿腌、超声波辅助腌制鱼肉的TBA值分别为(0.80±0.07)、(0.55±0.09)和(0.73±0.08) mg MDA/kg,饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸含量增加,而多不饱和脂肪酸含量减少。冻藏保鲜、干腌、湿腌、超声波辅助腌制鱼肉中分别检测出54、56、62和57种挥发性风味物质,主要为醛类、醇类和酮类,对风味形成有重要贡献作用。研究表明,卵形鲳鲹经3种不同腌制方式加工后,干腌鱼肉水分含量最低,而盐含量和TBA值最高;超声波辅助腌制鱼肉的挥发性风味物质中醛类、醇类相对含量最高,而pH值最低。本研究可为腌制加工及生产工艺优化提供理论参考。     

Effect of replacing fish meal with soybean meal and of DL‐methionine or lysine supplementation in pelleted diets on growth and nutrient utilization of juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus)

The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary DL‐methionine addition in fish meal reduction diet for juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). The trial comprises the following of 11 diet treatments. (i) D1 diet as the standard was formulated with fish meal as the main protein source. (ii) D2–D5 diets were formulated to replace fish meal with soybean meal at 60, 120, 180 and 300 g kg^?1, respectively, and the amino acid profiles (including methionine and lysine) of D2–D5 were referred to the amino acid profile of D1. (iii) D6‐D9 diets were the same as D2–D5, respectively, but without methionine supplementation. (iv) D10 and D11 diets were the same as D3 and D5 diets, respectively, but without lysine supplementation. Each diet was randomly fed to groups of 20 fish (initial average weight about 18 g) per net cage (1.0 × 1.0 × 1.5 m) in triplicate and the feeding experiment lasted for 56 days. Weight gain (WG, %) and final body weight (FBW, g) of fish fed D3 diet were significantly higher than those of fish fed D8 and D9 diets (P < 0.05), but without significant differences with fish fed other diets (P > 0.05). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of D3, D4 and D5 diet treatments were significantly lower than that of D11 diet treatment (P < 0.05), but without significant difference with other diet treatments (P > 0.05). Whole‐body protein contents of fish fed D3–D5 were significantly higher than those of fish fed D7–D9 (P < 0.05), but without significant differences with fish fed other diets (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the replacement of fish meal by soybean meal could reach 300 g kg^?1 without detrimental but profitable effect on growth and survival when enough methionine and lysine were supplemented in the diet; moreover, lysine is not the first‐limiting amino acid relative to methionine for juvenile T. ovatus from the present growth and proximate composition results.     

Effect of salinity on the rearing performance of juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus 1758)

Effect of rearing salinity on the performance of juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus 1758) was studied under a laboratory condition. Fish growth, survival, RNA/DNA ratio, pepsin activity, α‐amylase activity and FCR were used as evaluation criteria. The growth and RNA/DNA ratio were significantly affected by the rearing salinity. High growth rate and RNA/DNA ratio were observed when fish were reared at the salinity of 34‰. The pepsin activity of fish was not significantly affected by the rearing salinity. However, the α‐amylase activity of fish was significantly affected by the rearing salinity. The α‐amylase activity of fish reared at the salinity of 10‰ was significantly lower than fish cultured at the salinity of 34‰. Rearing salinity can significantly affect the FCR of juvenile golden pompano. The FCR of fish cultured at the salinity of 10‰ was 5‐times higher than the FCR of fish reared at 34‰. Results from the present study indicate that juvenile golden pompano can be reared above 26‰ without affecting fish performance, and the salinity of 10‰ may be too low to rear juvenile golden pompano as fish growth, RNA/DNA ratio and α‐amylase activity were reduced.     

Effect of weaning time on the performance of Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus 1758) larvae

Effect of weaning time on the larval performance of golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus was studied in the experimental condition. The same weaning regime started on four different days of posthatch (DPH): 13 DPH (W13), 16 DPH (W16), 19 DPH (W19) and 22 DPH (W22), respectively. Growth, survival, RNA/DNA ratios and mid‐gut cell height of fish were assessed in each weaning regime over time. Growth and survival rates of fish larvae weaned in the W19 and W22 regimes were significantly higher than those in the W13 and W16 regimes. No significant differences were found either between W19 and W22, or between W13 and W16 treatments. Fish showed a decrease in the RNA/DNA ratio in W13, but a trend of increase in W16, W19 and W22. Weaning time significantly affected the mid‐gut cell height in larval golden pompano. On 24 DPH, the mid‐gut cell height of fish in the W13 and W16 treatments was significantly thinner than those in the W19 and W22 treatments. Based on fish growth, survival, RNA/DNA ratio and mid‐gut cell height, weaning can be started on 13 DPH in golden pompano larvae, but we recommend that the best weaning window be 16–22 DPH. These results are supported by histological and nutritional evidence and would guide the weaning process for golden pompano larvae, and offer a useful approach to explore the weaning protocol in larval fish rearing.     

卵形鲳鲹养殖群体与野生群体遗传多样性的AFLP分析

利用AFLP技术对北部湾卵形鲳鲹野生群体和养殖群体进行遗传多样性分析和比较,可为卵形鲳鲹种质优化提供基础依据.研究采用10对引物组合在2个群体中共扩增出513个位点,其中多态位点数为133个,占总位点数的25.93％,两个群体平均多态位点比率为23.59％和18.32％,遗传多样性相对贫乏.养殖群体中低频位点明显减少而隐性纯合基因位点显著增加表明养殖群体丢失了低频基因.群体遗传结构分析表明,两群体间的遗传距离比较小,群体遗传结构相似.     

Effects of dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratio on growth,feed utilization,body composition and digestive enzyme activities of golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus)

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratio (CHO: L) on growth, feed utilization, body composition and digestive enzyme activities of golden pompano, Trachinotus ovatus. Five iso‐nitrogenous (450 g/kg protein) and iso‐energetic (19 MJ/kg gross energy) diets with varying CHO: L ratios of 0.68, 1.02, 1.62, 2.61 and 4.35, respectively, were fed to triplicate groups of 30 fish (average 13.8 ± 0.1 g). Results showed that dietary CHO: L ratios did not show any significant influence on survival of golden pompano (p > .05) but significantly affected its growth performance and feed utilization (p < .05). Fish fed diets with CHO: L ratios at 1.62 and 2.61 exhibited the highest final body weight, weight gain ratio, specific growth rate, feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio. Fish body lipid and liver glycogen contents were also significantly influenced by CHO: L ratio (p < .05). Hepatic amylase activity increased firstly and then decreased as the dietary CHO: L ratio increased, while lipases activity decreased with increasing dietary CHO:L level. The regression model analysis showed that the most suitable dietary CHO: L ratio (protein 450 g/kg) to reach the highest weight gain ratio is 2.38.     

Effect of dietary valine levels on the growth performance,feed utilization and immune function of juvenile golden pompano,Trachinotus ovatus

This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of dietary valine on the growth performance, feed utilization, digestive enzymes, serum antioxidant and immune indices of juvenile Trachinotus ovatus and determine its valine requirement. Six diets with different concentrations of L‐valine (15.0, 16.6, 18.6, 20.7, 23.5 and 25.4 g/kg dry diet, defined as diet Val‐1 to Val‐6.), were formulated to contain 430 g/kg crude protein with fish meal, soybean meal, peanut meal and precoated crystalline amino acids. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate treatments of 20 fish (the initial body weight was 5.34 ± 0.03 g) for 8 weeks. The results indicated that the final body weight and percent weight gain (PWG) increased with increasing valine concentration up to 18.6 g/kg (diet Val‐3), whereas the diets containing higher valine concentration reduced the growth performance significantly (p < .05). Moreover, the protein efficiency ratio, body protein deposition (BPD), muscle protein content, intestinal amylase and pepsin activities, serum T‐AOC, LZM activities, IgM, complement 3 and complement 4 concentration had a similar trend with PWG, and the trend of feed conversion ratio, serum AST, ALT activities, urea and MDA content was opposite. Meanwhile, the lipid contents of whole fish and muscle in diet Val‐6 were particularly lower than other diets (p < .05). The survival rate of diet Val‐1 was lowest in this study and was significantly lower than diet Val‐2 (p < .05). The results of polynomial regression based on PWG and BPD indicated that the optimal dietary valine requirement for Trachinotus ovatus reared in seawater‐floating net cages was 19.87–20.17 g/kg valine of dry diet, correspondingly 46.22–46.91 g/kg of dietary protein.